This study investigated seasonal variations of antioxidant defense enzyme activities: total, manganese, copper zinc containing superoxide dismutase (Tot SOD, Mn SOD, CuZn SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR) and biotransformation phase II enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity in the liver and white muscle of red mullet (L. this study was to explore seasonal variations in the activity of the antioxidant defense enzymes: total superoxide dismutase (Tot SOD), manganese comprising superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD), copper zinc comprising superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD), (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px, EC 1.11.1.9), glutathione reductase SMI-4a (GR, EC 1.6.4.2), and the activity of biotransformation phase II enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) in the liver and white muscle mass of red mullet (at both sites in winter season and spring is shown in Table 2. The offered results display that total protein concentration was significantly higher in the liver than in white muscle mass at both sites and months. Total protein concentration was significantly reduced the fish liver from Estuary of the River Bojana in spring in respect to winter season (p < 0.05). In contrast, total protein concentration was markedly higher in the white muscle mass from near Pub in spring in comparison to winter season (p < 0.05). These data suggest different metabolic activity of these two tissues in respect to time of year and probably depend on food availability and feeding behavior. Table 2 Total protein concentration (mg/g damp mass) in the liver and white muscle mass of red mullet (L.) from your Near Pub (NB) and Estuary of the River Bojana (EB) in winter season and spring. The data are indicated as mean S.E. The non-parametric ... The obtained results of the activity of antioxidant defense enzymes and biotransformation phase II enzyme GST support the hypothesis of seasonal patterns of antioxidant defense enzymes in the liver and white muscle mass of reddish mullet. Our results display that Mn SOD activity was significantly lower in spring in comparison to winter season (p < 0.05) in the liver (Figure 2A) at both examined localities, and in white muscle (Figure 2B) in NB locality. In addition, Mn SOD activity was significantly lower in spring compared to winter season at EB than at NB (p < 0.05) in both the liver and the white muscle (Figure 2A and 2B). Number SMI-4a 2 The activity (U/mg protein) SMI-4a of Tot SOD, CuZn SOD and Mn SOD in the liver (A) and white muscle mass (B) of reddish mullet (a designated reduction in the antioxidative defense system occurred during winter season [24]. This may be associated with changes in environmental temp, as well as with gonad maturation and food availability. Many other enzymes have reduced activities at lower environmental temp: xanthine dehydrogenase activity in mussels from your Atlantic Ocean [25], GST activity in viviparous blenny, in the Baltic Sea [26]. However, some enzymes increase their activities in winter season, e.g., etoxycoumarin and etoxyresorufin O-dealkylases in reddish mullet, [27]. Sheehan and Power [13] conclude that the use of bioindicators, such as enzyme activities, in biomonitoring studies is definitely often complicated, because levels of chemical pollutants in the environment often display wide seasonal variations in response to weather and additional factors. Where such molecules show seasonal variance, this should become incorporated into the interpretation of biomonitoring studies by the use of appropriate controls. Our earlier investigations at the same localities [28] showed no significant variations in concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in both months. It is hard to forecast the direct influence of toxic compounds on antioxidant defense enzyme activities, because the scenario is complicated with seasonal influences. It is well known that in aquatic ecosystems, temp and dissolved oxygen are environmental variables that are likely to influence oxidative processes, even more than xenobiotics. The overall tendency obtained in our study, revealed decreased activities of the investigated enzymes in spring when compared to winter season. Proteins constitute a target for oxidative damage with subsequent alteration of their functions. Studies by additional authors reported that flounders, living in contaminated waters with xenobiotics, showed increased levels of oxidized proteins [29]. The major difference in our work Rabbit Polyclonal to RFWD2 (phospho-Ser387) was found for Mn SOD activity in the liver and white muscle mass of reddish mullet, suggesting that in mullets, the liver mitochondria could efficiently deal with the increase in superoxide anion radicals [30]. It has to be referred that the food uptake can have an effect on antioxidant defense enzyme activities and oxidative stress, as the fish do not eat during the depuration period, as Pascual L.) were caught by trawling in winter season (February) and late spring (May) at two localities: Near Pub (NB) and Estuary of the River Bojana (EB) in the Southern Adriatic Sea. The two localities were chosen in order to compare the activity of antioxidant defense enzyme activities between periods of low metabolic activity in winter season and basal metabolic activity in spring..
Tag Archives: SMI-4a
Dectin-1 a C-type lectin recognizing fungal and mycobacterial pathogens can deliver
Dectin-1 a C-type lectin recognizing fungal and mycobacterial pathogens can deliver intracellular signals that activate dendritic cells (DCs) resulting in initiation of SMI-4a immune responses and growth of Th17 CD4+ T cell responses. to CD1c+CD1a+ dermal DCs but not to epidermal Langerhans cells. Anti-hDectin-1-mediated DC activation resulted in upregulation of costimulatory molecules and secretion of multiple cytokines and chemokines in a Syk-dependent manner. DCs activated with the anti-hDectin-1 mAb could significantly enhance both neo and foreign antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses by promoting both the expansion of SMI-4a CD8+ T cell and their functional activities. We further exhibited that delivering antigens to DCs via hDectin-1 using anti-hDectin-1-antigen conjugates resulted in potent antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Thus hDectin-1 expressed on DCs can contribute to the induction and activation of cellular immunity against intracellular pathogens such as mycobacteria that are recognized by DCs via Dectin-1. Vaccines based on delivering antigens to DCs Rabbit Polyclonal to TRIM24. with an agonistic anti-hDectin-1 mAb could elicit CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. are predominantly Th17 (13 14 and to a far lesser extent Th1 (23 24 Soluble factors including IL-6 and IL-1β secreted by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) promote the growth of Th17 responses (13 14 25 which are crucial for mounting protective immunity to intracellular bacterial pathogens such as mycobacteria (26) and (27). Dectin-1 contains a putative internalization signal sequence for the lysosomal endosome (28 29 and thus can contribute to pathogen-specific T cell responses. Mouse DCs that take up antigens via Dectin-1 can present antigenic peptides to both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (21 22 One recent study showed that ovalbumin (OVA)-transgenic mice immunized with conjugates of anti-Dectin-1 and OVA generated strong CD4+ T cell responses but weak CD8+ T cell responses (22). However a more recent study (30) showed that mouse DCs activated with β-glucans could primary cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses. These studies (21 22 suggested that antigens delivered to DCs via Dectin-1 could result in potent antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses when DCs were activated by signaling via Dectin-1. Thus we hypothesized that antigens delivered to DCs SMI-4a via hDectin-1 with a concomitant activation of the DCs via the same hDectin-1 might result in potent antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. This hypothesis was tested using an agonistic anti-hDectin-1 mAb and anti-hDectin-1 mAb-antigen (neo and foreign antigens) conjugates. Our data showed that DCs activated with anti-hDectin-1 mAb resulted in enhanced CD8+ T cell responses. We further exhibited that anti-hDectin-1 mAb and its conjugates with both neo and non-self antigens could take action via DCs to elicit potent antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Materials and Methods Antibodies and other reagents Anti-CD1a (BD Biosciences CA) and anti-CD1c (Biolegend CA) and anti-CD207 (BIIR clone 15B10) antibodies were used in immunofluorescence. SMI-4a Anti-human IgG (Fab) conjugated with alkaline phosphatase (AP) and all other antibodies SMI-4a used for staining cells were purchased from Southern Biotech (CA) and BD Biosciences respectively. IFNα IL-4 and GM-CSF were purchased from the pharmacy at Baylor University Medical Center (TX). IL-2 and CFSE were purchased from Peprotech (NJ) and Molecular Probes (CA) respectively. Piceatannol curdlan and laminarin were from Sigma (MO). lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was purchased from Invivogen (CA). HLA-A*0201 tetramers of influenza viral (Flu) M158-66 and MART-126-35 (27L) were purchased from Beckman Coulter (CA). Flu M158-66 MART-126-35 and MART-126-35 (27L) peptides were synthesized by Biosynthesis (TX). Anti-hDectin-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) Receptor ectodomain.hIgG (human IgG1Fc) and AP (human placental alkaline phosphatase) fusion proteins were produced for immunizing mice and screening mAbs respectively. A mammalian vector for human Fc and AP fusion proteins was designed as previously described (31). Fusion proteins were produced using the FreeStyle? 293 Expression System (Invitrogen CA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Receptor ectodomain.hIgG was purified by 1 ml HiTrap protein A affinity chromatography (GE Healthcare CA). Six-week-old BALB/c mice.