The particular importance of Ca2+ signaling to neurons demands its precise regulation within their cytoplasm. function under conditions of low resting cytosolic Ca2+ as well. analysis of the structural effect of the MK-5108 mutation suggests a reduced stabilization of the portion of the pump surrounding the mutated residue in the Ca2+-bound state. The patient also carries two missense mutations in mutations could act synergistically to cause the neurological phenotype. gene coding for laminin subunit 1. This is an interesting obtaining as it recalls the digenic mechanism described in the case of hereditary human deafness, where the mutations of the PMCA2 pump were accompanied by mutations of cadherin-23, a protein involved in the mechanoelectrical transduction process (7, 9). The presence of two genetic mutations in our proband is usually of particular interest, as a phenotype of cerebellar dysplasia with cysts (with and without retinal dystrophy) has recently been described in 7 probands who carried homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations, or deletion mutations in the gene which induce protein truncation (13). Our patient displays clinical features of X-linked cerebellar ataxia. His brain imaging showed unusual vertical course of the straight sinus with inferior location of the torcula consistent with a relatively small posterior fossa. Since the same PMCA3 mutation was found in the healthy maternal grandfather, the PMCA3 pump defect is usually evidently not sufficient to cause the neurological phenotype mutations has been identified so far, it is not possible to state conclusively that this phenotype in our proband could be entirely associated with the double defect. Considering the increasing number of reports implicating PMCA pump defects in neuronal diseases and, especially, the previous finding of the digenic origin of the phenotype in patients carrying PMCA2 mutations (7), it is plausible to suggest that the PMCA3 mutation could act as an essential digenic modulator in the development of cerebellar dysgenesis associated to mutations. MK-5108 Experimental Procedures Molecular Analysis Exome sequencing was performed by GeneDx (Gaithersburg, MD) using Agilent SureSelect XT2 All Exon V4 Kit and Illumina HiSeq 2000 with 100bp paired-end reads. Sequence was aligned to the UCSC build hg19 reference sequence. Mean depth of coverage was 121x with quality threshold of 98.9%. GeneDx’s XomeAnalyzer was used to evaluate sequence changes found between the proband, parental samples, and reference. Di-deoxy sequencing was used for confirmation of reported mutations. DNA Constructs Full-length (PMCA3test for unpaired samples. A value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Functional Complementation Assay in K616 Yeast Cells Rabbit Polyclonal to CtBP1 strain K616 (Mat ; missense mutations. For evolutionary conservation, the LAMA1 and PMCA3 protein sequences were downloaded from NCBI, and the alignments were obtained from Homologene. The prediction of the PMCA3 pump structure has been performed by using Swiss-Model around the SERCA pump structures in its Ca2+-free and Ca2+-bound state (PDB ID:3W5B and 1SU4, respectively) as a template. The obtained structures were analyzed by the Pymol software. Results Exome Sequencing Revealed the Presence of Mutations in LAMA1 and ATP2B3 Genes The proband is usually a 6-year-old male presenting with global developmental delay, generalized hypotonia and feeding difficulties. His brain MRI at 10 months of age was normal but repeated MK-5108 imaging at 6 years showed unusual vertical course of the straight sinus with inferior location of the torcula, a configuration consistent with a small posterior fossa and a dysplastic corpus callosum (Fig. 1gene. This mutation has not been reported previously as a disease-causing mutation nor as a benign polymorphism. The p.Arg482His mutation was not observed in 6500 individuals of European and African American ancestry in the NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project. The maternal grandfather, who reportedly had no neurological findings, is usually a carrier for the same mutation in the gene. In addition, two missense mutations were found in the gene of the proband: a maternally inherited p.Thr2025Met (c.6074C>T) in exon 43 and a paternally inherited p.Arg2381Cys (c.7141C>T) in exon 50 (Fig. 1gene mutation, nucleotide numbering was designated according to reference series in GenBank Accession quantity “type”:”entrez-nucleotide”,”attrs”:”text”:”NM_005559.3″,”term_id”:”329112585″,”term_text”:”NM_005559.3″NM_005559.3). The p.Thr2025Met mutation once was reported in a single case of somatic mutation in lung carcinoma tumor cells (Cosmic Data source Identification: COSM708993) but never reported like a disease-causing mutation nor like a harmless polymorphism, rather than within 6500 people of African and Western european American ancestry in the NHLBI Exome Sequencing Task. The p.Arg2381Cys mutation, a rare version (rs142063208; MAF 0.01), was.