Background: A rich body of literature exists that has demonstrated adverse human health effects following exposure to ambient air particulate matter (PM), and there is strong support for an important role of ultrafine (nanosized) particles. There is now an opportunity to apply knowledge from NM toxicology and use it to better inform PM health risk research and vice versa. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP424 Introduction The idea of being able to manipulate materials and particles at the molecular level sounds like a film plot; however, over the last 25 y, it has become firmly an integral Quizartinib enzyme inhibitor part of technology truth and a medical field in its correct: nanotechnology. Although nanotechnology can be a rapidly developing area of study with real-world applications in just about any area of human being activity (healthcare, nutrition and food, water purification, making, and engineering, to mention several), the intro of an array of book components to the surroundings or to human beings either by style or inadvertently increases the chance of dangerous and/or unforeseen undesireable effects. In response to the burgeoning field, government authorities and regulatory physiques have attemptedto balance nanotechnology advertising (e.g., the Country wide Nanotechnology Initiative in america as well as the Interagency Functioning Group on Nanotechnology) with risk evaluation and rules (e.g., the European union NanoSafety Cluster and connected projects such as for example NANoREG). Nanotoxicology, the scholarly research from the toxicity of nanoscale components, has advanced consistent with nanotechnology with regards to the quantity of books being published. Certainly, unlike what continues to be the entire case for dangerous chemicals before, nanotoxicology is operating even more in parallel with advancements in nanotechnology. The initial worries about nanotoxicology had been created out of study into particulate matter (PM) in air pollution (Figure 1; Beelen et al. 2014; Benbrahim-Talla et al. Quizartinib enzyme inhibitor 2012; Bouwmeester et al. 2011; Brook et al. 2004; Donaldson Quizartinib enzyme inhibitor et al. 2004; Hoffmann et al. 2007; IARC 2014; Knzli et al. 2005; Lelieveld et al. 2015; Li et al. 2002, 2003; Lim et al. 2012; Lucking et al. 2008; Lynch et al. 2007; Lynch and Dawson 2008; Oberd?rster 2010; Oberd?rster et al. 1990; Pedersen et al. 2013; Peters et al. 2001; Pope et al. 1995; SCENIHR 2007; Stone et al. 2000a, 2000b; Unfried et al. 2007; WHO 2011, 2014). This review examines key findings from air pollution and nanotoxicology health effects research and the comparisons that can be drawn between these disciplines of particle toxicology. In May 2015, the COST MODENA (European Cooperation in Science and TechnologyCModelling Nanomaterials Toxicity) project hosted a workshop to exchange and merge knowledge in PM and nanoparticle toxicology. This review outlines the systematic comparison of these overlapping research fields and identifies lessons for advanced understanding as well as priority research gaps that must be addressed. Open Quizartinib enzyme inhibitor in a separate window Figure 1. Time line showing the increased interest in particulate matter (PM) and nanomaterials (NMs) over the last three decades, highlighting key studies and research trends in both areas. Number of references per year (noncumulative) based on Pubmed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) search without further limits applied. What Can Be Learned from PM Research That Has Rabbit Polyclonal to CARD11 Not yet Been Applied Effectively to NM Research? The Ultrafine Hypothesis and Nanomaterials At the end of the previous century, several epidemiological studies identified health effects induced by airborne PM at levels that, at that time, were considered safe (e.g., Brunekreef and Holgate 2002; Dockery et al. 1993). Particles ? ?10 m in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) can be inhaled by humans and deposit in the respiratory tract (ICRP 1994) (Appendix I), with smaller particles having higher fractional deposition in the alveoli. Consequently, ambient PM is frequently regulated as PM10 and PM2.5 (? ?2.5 m in aerodynamic diameter), the latter of which reflects.