Alopecia is a persistent issue in captive macaque populations and despite recent interest no factors have been identified that can unequivocally explain the presence of alopecia in a majority of cases. accredited by AAALAC (American Association for Assessment of Laboratory Care) International and all research was conducted under protocols approved Picoplatin by the University of Washington institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC). The research adhered to the American Society of Primatologists Principles Picoplatin for the Ethical Treatment of Nonhuman Primates. Subjects The sample included all rhesus (= 32.9 < 0.001; Period 2: = 66.7 = 2 < 0.001; Period3 = 44.2 = 2 < 0.001; Period 4 = 71.5 = 2 < 0.001; see Fig. 2). For rhesus and pigtails fewer animals presented with alopecia in the Sep-Oct period although the difference across periods did not reach significance for rhesus (pigtails = 13.1 = 3 = 0.004; rhesus: = 3 = 0.07). For cynomolgus more animals presented with alopecia in the fall and winter although rate changes were not significant (= 5.1 = 3 = 0.16). Pigtails not only had the highest percentages Picoplatin of pets with any alopecia at each and every time period in addition they had the best percentages of pets with severe alopecia ratings (ratings 0-1 vs. 2-4; Period 1 = 38.8 = 2 < 0.001; Period 2 = 55.2 = 2 < 0.001; Period 3 = 28.2 = 2 < 0.001; Period 4 = 39.1 = 2 < 0.001). Shape 1 Percentage of pets with each alopecia rating across observation intervals Shape 2 Percentage of pets getting each alopecia rating at each observation period by varieties Identified locks pullers comprised 19% of our test (N = 172). These pets were much more likely to become pigtails (= 13.26 = 2 = 0.001) much more likely to become woman (= 27.9 = 1 < 0.001) and much more likely to become housed at our health and wellness Sciences service (= 43.4 = 2 < 0.001). Locks pullers were less inclined to become babies or juveniles (= 59.0 = 3 < 0.001). Outcomes of preliminary analyses Six terms from the preliminary analyses were significant in at least 3 of the 4 periods. These included the main effect for sex (Nov-Dec = 7.0 = 1 515 < 0.01; Mar-Apr = 13.2 = 1 599 < 0.001; Jul-Aug = 11.2 = 1 586 = 0.001) and the main effect HLA-DRA for all three age blocks (Sep-Oct = 12.0 = 1 532 < 0.005; Nov-Dec = 8.0 = 1 515 = .005; Mar-Apr = 45.7 = 1 599 < 0.001; Jul-Aug = 12.6 = 1 586 < 0.001; Nov-Dec = 4.0 = 1 515 < 0.05; Mar-Apr = 9.8 = 1 599 < 0.005; Jul-Aug = 12.7 = 1 586 < 0.001; Sep-Oct = 11.5 = 1 532 = 0.001; Nov-Dec = 19.8 = 1 515 < 0.001; Mar-Apr = 31.2 = 1 599 < 0.001; Jul-Aug = 12.9 = 1 586 < 0.001) in comparison with the adult (4-10 year old) reference group. Females had significantly higher alopecia scores in comparison to males and infants juveniles and older adults all had significantly lower alopecia scores in comparison with the adult age block. The interactions of sex X species (Sep-Oct = 10.2 = 1 532 = 0.001; Nov-Dec = 9.4 = 1 515 < 0.005; Mar-Apr = 16.2 = 1 599 < 0.001) and infant X species (Sep-Oct = 8.1 = 1 532 = 0.005; Nov-Dec = 20.9 = 1 515 < 0.001; Jul-Aug = 6.7 = 1 586 = 0.01) were also significant. The sex X species interaction was the result of a relatively large sex difference for rhesus animals (with females having more severe alopecia) while pigtails showed minimal differences between the sexes. The infant X species interaction was due to the fact that infants of both species displayed almost no alopecia and species differences only became apparent at older ages. Results of comprehensive analysis Beta values and effect sizes for terms with significant effects are shown in Table II. Even though the main effect for species was significant in only two preliminary analyses it was maintained Picoplatin in the comprehensive analysis because it contributed to two significant interactions (sex X species and infant X species) in the preliminary analyses. Females had significantly higher alopecia scores compared to males (= 30.19 = 1 2265 < 0.001) and pigtails had significantly higher alopecia scores in comparison to rhesus (= 3.92 = 1 2265 < 0.05). The sex by species interaction was significant (= 30.37 = 1 2265 < 0.001) indicating that the sex difference was more pronounced in rhesus than in pigtail animals (Fig. 3). Infants juveniles and older animals all displayed significantly lower alopecia scores in comparison to the adult reference group (Infants = 114.43 = 1 2265 < 0.001; Juveniles = 28.98 = 1 2265 < 0.001; Older Adults: = 72.42 = 1 2265 < 0.001). In comparison to the Sep-Oct observation period alopecia became more serious at each one of the three subsequent intervals (Nov-Dec = 13.46 = 1 2265 < 0.001;.